Shooting people is stupid. Guns are stupid. THAT SAID...

April 25, 2017 6:56 AM

Shea Serrano brings us an explanation of why movie shootouts are so awesome, a list of the best multi-person shootouts in movie history (if said history begins in 1980 and doesn't include war movies), and a quiz to determine whether you would survive such a gunfight. (Hint: Don't be a hero.) ((And watch out for those scuba tanks.))
posted by Etrigan (81 comments total)

I gotta find some way to sneak out and watch Free Fire.
posted by Artw at 7:31 AM on April 25, 2017 [1 favorite]

Didn't make it.
posted by the man of twists and turns at 7:34 AM on April 25, 2017

CTRL-F for "Sergeant Angel and Danny vs. Sandford in Hot Fuzz"

No? Jog on, then. *Thbbt*
posted by delfin at 7:38 AM on April 25, 2017 [15 favorites]

Leon, The Professional (end shoot-out)
The Raid 2 (the whole damned movie)
The Transporter 2 (The doctor's office)
posted by dances_with_sneetches at 7:42 AM on April 25, 2017 [6 favorites]

Looks like the big shootout in Costner's "Open Range" isn't there either. This doesn't invalidate the list but it makes it pretty shaky.
posted by Ber at 7:43 AM on April 25, 2017 [2 favorites]

Everyone has seen Keanu getting all John Wick at the gun range , right?
posted by Artw at 7:44 AM on April 25, 2017 [5 favorites]

All the way to the end of the list before mentioning a John Woo movie? And the tea house scene from Hard Boiled is much more awesome than the hospital scene, as it contains Chow Yun-Fat's iconic banister slide.
posted by Gelatin at 7:54 AM on April 25, 2017 [17 favorites]

I was gonna call shenanigans if Hard Boiled didn't make the list.
posted by KGMoney at 7:54 AM on April 25, 2017 [3 favorites]

Jinx!
posted by KGMoney at 7:55 AM on April 25, 2017

Jog on, then. *Thbbt*

I think you'll find that's "*Thbbt* Jog on."
posted by biffa at 7:56 AM on April 25, 2017

My vote
posted by Think_Long at 8:13 AM on April 25, 2017 [2 favorites]

Candyland shootout scene from Django Unchained.
posted by Kabanos at 8:13 AM on April 25, 2017 [2 favorites]

My top 5 are all different scenes from Hard Boiled.
posted by The Card Cheat at 8:14 AM on April 25, 2017 [8 favorites]

CTRL-F for "Sergeant Angel and Danny vs. Sandford in Hot Fuzz"

Well, I wouldn't argue that it wasn't a no-holds-barred, adrenaline-fueled thrill ride. But there is no way you can perpetrate that amount of carnage and mayhem and not incur a considerable amount of paperwork.
posted by nubs at 8:16 AM on April 25, 2017 [18 favorites]

Kurt Russell's "Oh my God," in Tombstone always gets me. It's perfect.
posted by zzazazz at 8:16 AM on April 25, 2017 [4 favorites]

And the tea house scene from Hard Boiled is much more awesome than the hospital scene, as it contains Chow Yun-Fat's iconic banister slide.

The stunt at the end of the hospital scene, for all that John Woo literally put Chow Yun-Fat's life in danger to film it, isn't nearly as cool-looking as that damned bannister slide.
posted by tobascodagama at 8:20 AM on April 25, 2017 [3 favorites]

Kurt Russell's "Oh my God," in Tombstone always gets me. It's perfect.

It's an awesome scene, it captures the tension and the fear really well and it's made me realize - again - that we've lost Bill Paxton.

And I would apparently get killed by exploding scuba tanks.
posted by nubs at 8:33 AM on April 25, 2017 [3 favorites]

said history begins in 1980

So no Magnificent Seven and no Serigo Leone, eh? Kids.

Awright, den: Fix Bayonets!!


'Oo iz Sarf Lundin?
posted by Herodios at 8:38 AM on April 25, 2017 [3 favorites]

Tom Cruise can John Wick it up pretty good: Mozambique Drill scene from Collateral.
posted by valkane at 8:41 AM on April 25, 2017 [2 favorites]

The present value calculations for question 8 are as follows, assuming an 8% ROR:

1. $680,583
2. $588,024
3. $476,299
4. $370,370
5. $200,000

So: the correct answer is 1. The fact I took the time to calculate this means I'm highly unlikely to survive a movie gunfight.
posted by leotrotsky at 8:42 AM on April 25, 2017 [5 favorites]

I made it! Thanks Kawhi Leonard and the fact that I don't have a cable subscription to just turn on a sporting event!
posted by Rock Steady at 8:42 AM on April 25, 2017 [1 favorite]

List reminds me I really need to watch LA Confidential again.
posted by Alvy Ampersand at 8:45 AM on April 25, 2017 [1 favorite]

Really surprised The Way of the Gun didn't make the list.
posted by valkane at 8:50 AM on April 25, 2017 [7 favorites]

Just had to check and make sure Heat was on the list.

Same.

In case any of y'all didn't know, and are in the local area for any of these theaters -- there's a new director's cut of HEAT coming out next week, and they're doing a one-night-only rerelease to movie theaters with a live-streamed Q&A with Michael Mann.
posted by penduluum at 8:51 AM on April 25, 2017 [1 favorite]

Fix Bayonets!!

Sorry, I usually hate it when other people make a 'this' comment. It's the shootout scene from the 2000 'gangster' film Love Honour and Obey. The ratio of firepower displayed and bullets fired to people actually hit is off the charts.

Here's the relevant scene from the 1964 film Zulu that Uncle Ray is referencing. Michael Caine delivers the line here.
 
posted by Herodios at 8:55 AM on April 25, 2017 [2 favorites]

Looks like the big shootout in Costner's "Open Range" isn't there either. This doesn't invalidate the list but it makes it pretty shaky.

I'm generally not a big fan of shootouts, but that one was a good one, mostly for its more human scale and reality. All around good western, too.
posted by Thorzdad at 9:08 AM on April 25, 2017

I'll just leave this here, its all the fight scenes from Equilibrium, even the ones which aren't gun battles.

Here's the somewhat one sided slomo gun battle from Dredd, plus the later battle with the corrupt judges.
posted by biffa at 9:10 AM on April 25, 2017 [5 favorites]

I don't know. I love Hard Boiled, but I'm in the unusual position of actually preferring The Killer. Even the author of this encomium to The Killer seems to agree in the end that Hard Boiled is the true masterpiece, but I don't know. I call them like I see them. Still, hard to imagine this list without both of them.

Basically, it needed to be a bigger list.
posted by Naberius at 9:14 AM on April 25, 2017 [5 favorites]

I'm generally not a big fan of shootouts, but that one was a good one, mostly for its more human scale and reality. All around good western, too.

(MODERATE SPOILER FOLLOWS)

Open Range is not high on my favorite westerns list, but that the movie spends time building up the hired gunfighter into a real scary badass who takes pleasure in killing, only to have Costner just walk up to him and shoot him in the head before the action starts gets it special recognition on my list.

How many action movies have I watched where I've hollered "DON'T TALK, JUST SHOOT HIM" at the screen? And ol' Kev is the first one to finally take my advice.
posted by The Man from Lardfork at 9:17 AM on April 25, 2017 [5 favorites]

Shooting people is stupid. Guns are stupid.

Shooting people out of guns is also stupid.
posted by Greg_Ace at 9:18 AM on April 25, 2017

I love Hard Boiled, but I'm in the unusual position of actually preferring The Killer.

I think Hard Boiled is superior if you're just looking at the gun fights. It's iconic action scene after iconic action scene, like Casablanca but with bullets instead of one-liners. But it's totally reasonable to prefer other films when you're looking at them holistically rather than focussing on a single aspect.
posted by tobascodagama at 9:26 AM on April 25, 2017 [2 favorites]

Is The Assassination still on Netflix? That's a hell of a lot of shooty fun.
posted by Artw at 9:29 AM on April 25, 2017

The hospital scene in Hardboiled is impressive for other reasons, but yeah ditto the "it wasn't even the best shootout in Hardboiled" sentiment.
posted by juv3nal at 9:36 AM on April 25, 2017 [1 favorite]

Without Way of the Gun's shootout, this list is useless.
posted by dobbs at 9:39 AM on April 25, 2017 [5 favorites]

Does the quiz involve wearing a panty on your head?
posted by lazycomputerkids at 9:47 AM on April 25, 2017 [2 favorites]

This other shootout from Way of the Gun has far fewer bullets than the other but is still great and I'd take it over a number on the list.
posted by dobbs at 9:49 AM on April 25, 2017 [3 favorites]

The lack of The Way of the Gun is criminal - it should be right up there with Heat - but nearly as bad is leaving out the final scene from The Veteran, which is an otherwise terrible film.

There's something about the technical fidelity (i.e. the nearly complete lack of full-auto) combined with low production budget on The Veteran's big shootout that makes it much, much more disturbing than gorefests like Rambo or the glossy perfection of John Wick. A bit like The Road: painful by virtue of being simultaneously too personal and too cold. A Too Much Information admission that this is, in fact, probably the best things could realistically go in a classic revenge fantasy, and it doesn't actually go all that great.

Which is kind of what The Way of the Gun does for classic heist/big score fantasies, leaving the audience with an awkwardly swallowed, "Well, fuck..." Worth your eight minutes.
posted by Ryvar at 10:40 AM on April 25, 2017 [2 favorites]

Didn't make it. Well, that's no surprise.

My favorite shootout was the ambush in Forrest Gump. Whoever staged it for the director did a good job: An L shaped ambush, where small arms, machine guns and RPG's raked the kill zone, while mortars covered the defilades. Sent chills up my spine.

Otherwise, John Wick at the nightclub rang my bell pretty good.

I get bored when everybody has submachine guns, but they can't seem to anything. If I was their (crime) boss I'd give them baseball bats.
posted by mule98J at 10:44 AM on April 25, 2017 [3 favorites]

No Replacement Killers? Foo.
posted by Lexica at 10:55 AM on April 25, 2017 [2 favorites]

Michael Mann can really shoot a shootout and deserves to be counted among the greatest action directors. Heat is, of course, masterclass, but also in Collateral, Public Enemies, Miami Vice, Blackhat, the shootout scenes have a very specific quality to them; Mann puts the viewer in the middle of shootouts, he doesn't position them simply as the audience of a spectacle. So, for example, the gunshots are so damn loud that you can basically feel them, especially if camera movement corresponds to the impact. A brief glimpse into the meticulousness of the guy (Blackhat is great, by the way ...).
posted by sapagan at 10:55 AM on April 25, 2017 [1 favorite]

Even as a big fan of The Way Of The Gun I managed to completely forget it existed for about a decade. I'm not sure why. Finally remembered/re-watched it recently and it held up decently.
posted by mannequito at 11:18 AM on April 25, 2017

The Killer is probably a better movie, but Hard Boiled is better action.
posted by The Card Cheat at 11:50 AM on April 25, 2017

The very underrated 2007 Clive Owen movie Shoot 'Em Up is the last word on this. The movie is a continuous sequence of gunfights and every possible (and impossible) thing happens. It's a lot of fun.
posted by w0mbat at 11:51 AM on April 25, 2017 [5 favorites]

the movie spends time building up the hired gunfighter into a real scary badass who takes pleasure in killing, only to have Costner just walk up to him and shoot him in the head before the action starts gets it special recognition on my list.

There's an otherwise unremarkable Jason Statham movie called Safe, that does something very subversive with its climax that I really admired. Statham is supposed to be a second rate cage fighter, who ends up protecting a little girl from, shit, everybody, because she's got the combination to a safe that everybody and their gang cousins wants. And of course it turns out that Statham isn't really a second rate cage fighter but a first rate badass commando assassin and he spends the whole movie mowing through triads and Russian mobsters and corrupt cops and even the Mayor.

So at the end, (yeah, I'm spoiling it, but I think the trailer pretty much gives you the idea) the other badass commando assassin Statham used to work with back when they were badass commando assassins together ends up getting the girl, and he sets up the trade where he'll give Statham the little girl back in exchange for what was in the safe, and of course it's not really a trade and Statham isn't supposed to walk away.

But they've got history, these two, so there's the bit where they decide to finally prove once and for all who's really the best badass commando assassin. You've seen this scene before, right? Goes at least back to the end of Lethal Weapon where Mel Gibson and Gary Busey are totally surrounded by cops, and it's over, but then Gibson goes "You want a shot at the title?" and they beat the hell out of each other. (Mark Dacascos seems to end up doing that fight scene a lot too.)

So that's what they do. Statham puts down his gun and the other guy puts down his gun, and they're circling each other, getting ready to throw down, when the little girl out of nowhere just picks up the bad guy's gun and shoots him in the calf. And when he goes down, Statham realizes how dumb this whole idea was, grabs his own gun, and kills the guy. Boom. No big climactic throwdown. We're skipping it. We're done here.

It's the best thing I've seen in a B movie like this since Robert Rodriguez went, "screw it" and just flat out skipped the back half of act two in Planet Terror.
posted by Naberius at 12:06 PM on April 25, 2017 [15 favorites]

I'll see you and raise you one Christopher Walken with a machine gun.
posted by lagomorphius at 12:17 PM on April 25, 2017

The fact I took the time to calculate this means I'm highly unlikely to survive a movie gunfight.

You are the crime boss who stayed home in your mansion while your gang of disposable goons went to the warehouse. It's possible that you hired both gangs.
posted by justsomebodythatyouusedtoknow at 12:17 PM on April 25, 2017 [2 favorites]

I'm just here to give kudos for the thread title. Good work.
posted by ominous_paws at 12:24 PM on April 25, 2017

Like I want to get fed to my own pirhana tank or whatever.
posted by Artw at 12:33 PM on April 25, 2017 [1 favorite]

I don't know if I would put it in a list but I love this scene from The Mission.
posted by SageLeVoid at 1:31 PM on April 25, 2017 [1 favorite]

No school like the old school: Where Do You Think You're Going and Low Down Yankee Liar from Shane (1953).
posted by cenoxo at 2:24 PM on April 25, 2017

Limiting to John Woo films, I think that Hard Boiled was a more polished action movie whereas The Killer was a much better fleshed out movie overall and a more interesting story. The Teahouse shootout in HB was definitely more iconic whereas the Hospital shootout was a choreographic masterpiece.

However, I'd like to advance A Better Tomorrow 2's extended Mansion Fight scene as superior to HB or TK. ABT1 had a better less problematic story, but the shootouts were a little muddy. An argument can be made, otoh, that its grittier and more believable.

I have a soft spot for The Replacement Killers but it was way too shiny and stylized, and suffered mightily from the Asian-actor-as-Hollywood-romantic-interest-fail (exemplified by Romeo Must Die).
posted by porpoise at 2:30 PM on April 25, 2017 [4 favorites]

I came here to echo porpoise's sentiment, but they got the post in before me.

When I saw The Matrix as a kid I immediately became a John Woo fan and watched as many action movies in that style as I could find at Blockbuster or anywhere else (IRC, predominantly). Hard Boiled definitely stick in my head as one of my all-time favorites, with The Killer being a very close second. I watched A Better Tomorrow 2 after watching the first and that shootout is totally ridiculous, while I mostly remembering it not being that great of a movie.

But I gotta say that putting something like Heat's shootout in the same category as something like Hard Boiled is a little weird. The John Woo/Hong Kong-style of shootouts is glitzy and stylized, whereas Heat's is stylized to be militaristic in scope. It's more guys in suits with sunglasses and leather gloves, CAR-15's blasting off rounds loud and in your face while dudes run around with bags full of cash versus guys diving off tables in a tea house firing off rounds with akimbo Tokarevs while wearing slacks and unbuttoned polyester shirts. They both glamorize the violence, but in different manners. It's makes sense that there was that '97 N. Hollywood shootout after Heat came out, in my mind.
posted by gucci mane at 2:48 PM on April 25, 2017

Our Robocop remake: scene 27. Trigger warning - contains repeated, graphic penis-shooting. Like imagine each of those words with clap emojis if it will help.
posted by Sebmojo at 2:49 PM on April 25, 2017 [1 favorite]

Open Range is not high on my favorite westerns list, but that the movie spends time building up the hired gunfighter into a real scary badass who takes pleasure in killing, only to have Costner just walk up to him and shoot him in the head before the action starts gets it special recognition on my list.

Mal, in the Firefly pilot.
posted by Sebmojo at 3:10 PM on April 25, 2017 [2 favorites]

I don't know if I would put it in a list but I love this scene from The Mission.

Now that you mention it there are a number of good ones from Johnnie To's ouvre. Off the top of my head, Vengeance and Exiled have a few each.
posted by juv3nal at 3:15 PM on April 25, 2017

Naberius, that's not even the best Stathamtastic subverted fight scene. Crank 2, now that's a subverted catch up with the baddy fight.

In conclusion, Statham is a god.
posted by biffa at 3:24 PM on April 25, 2017 [1 favorite]

Mal, in the Firefly pilot.

Bruce Willis opening negotiations in Fifth Element.
posted by Artw at 3:32 PM on April 25, 2017 [1 favorite]

Bruce Willis opening negotiations in Fifth Element.

Shaka, when the walls fell.
posted by Rustic Etruscan at 3:58 PM on April 25, 2017 [6 favorites]

Han in the cantina
Indy in the souq
posted by valkane at 4:25 PM on April 25, 2017 [2 favorites]

Our Robocop remake: scene 27. Trigger warning - contains repeated, graphic penis-shooting. Like imagine each of those words with clap emojis if it will help.

That really is an awful lot of penicide.
posted by ROU_Xenophobe at 4:25 PM on April 25, 2017 [1 favorite]

Shaka, when the walls fell.

That episode really is just a bunch of nerds referencing shit.
posted by Artw at 4:34 PM on April 25, 2017 [2 favorites]

Okay it may be that really large-scale dick-shooting is, like the Stooges, something that only men can correctly find hilarious.
posted by ROU_Xenophobe at 4:40 PM on April 25, 2017 [1 favorite]

That episode really is just a bunch of nerds referencing shit.

You have my sword, my bow, and my axe.
posted by nubs at 4:45 PM on April 25, 2017 [1 favorite]

This reminded me of the killcount videos from AllOuttaBubbleGum. Here's the rankings by actor. They have Chow Yun Fat at 810 on-screen kills.

A Better Tomorrow killcount

Hard Boiled killcount

The Killer killcount
posted by pravit at 4:49 PM on April 25, 2017 [3 favorites]

Also not to be missed, A Better Tomorrow II killcount
posted by pravit at 4:55 PM on April 25, 2017 [1 favorite]

Trigger warning

I mean, what?
posted by klanawa at 5:12 PM on April 25, 2017

That really is an awful lot of penicide.

That was... really well done?
posted by Alvy Ampersand at 5:36 PM on April 25, 2017

I was thinking more about this on the drive home.

I think that John Woo gunfights are experiencing the LoTR effect - to wit, LoTR can feel cliched to younger readers/viewers because it was seminal and the audience may have experienced works that were derived/influenced by the earlier work first.

Hard Boiled might have been chosen (as an inclusivity thing?) because the gunfights in The Killer (1989), ABT2 (1987), and ABT1 (1986) all came before HB (1992).*

TK and the ABTs seem a little hokey/cheesy when viewed today** and the Heroic Bloodshed kind of - I don't want to say pinnacled, but it certainly reached the point where it became at least comparable to modern movie gunplay.


* for contrast, the first Dirty Harry movie was 1971, the first Death Wish movie 1974

** lol flying dead people and dead people flopping around after they've been riddled with bullets; there's a very good example in ABT2's Mansion gunfight where the underboss is liberally perforated but continues to flop around and one of the actors had the presence of mind to grab him and shove him to the ground
posted by porpoise at 5:53 PM on April 25, 2017 [1 favorite]

Oh my god, how did we all forget the epic fingergun shootout at the end of that one episode of Spaced?
posted by tobascodagama at 5:53 PM on April 25, 2017 [5 favorites]

I think that the word I was thinking of might have been rather, matured, not pinnacled.
posted by porpoise at 6:04 PM on April 25, 2017

My university friends and I once tried to count the number of kills - total, by everyone - in Hard Boiled and gave up during the warehouse scene, which isn't even halfway through the movie, IIRC.
posted by The Card Cheat at 6:20 PM on April 25, 2017 [1 favorite]

This isn't really in the same category I guess, but the most gritty and intense shootout I've seen is Rolling Thunder's finale. No heroics, just people trying not to die.
posted by Johnny Wallflower at 6:25 PM on April 25, 2017 [2 favorites]

The list is missing the shootout in Raiders of the Lost Ark in Marion's bar. From this I am led to the inescapable conclusion that the creature that generated this list is some sort of husk, a virus-like organism that can ape the human qualities of speech and thought but possesses nothing of the divine spark that distinguishes us from crude vegetative matter. He probably doesn't have a reflection in the mirror.
posted by um at 8:38 PM on April 25, 2017 [1 favorite]

Heat and Way of the Gun make the list because of how professional/no-glitz the gun fights are. The bank scene in Heat is a continuation of, as Al Pacino says of the armored truck robbery, the second Waynegrow killed one guard, they killed the other two because it was already a death penalty/ felony murder charge. Once they see the cops, it's just all out, survival at all costs. And, as with Way of the Gun, lots and lots of extra ammo.

Hard Boiled and John Wick (and for the absolute absurd end point, the gun-kata in Oblivion or whatever it's called) work because it's a stylized ballet, though yeah, seeing Keanu Reeves doing the three gun course is kind of terrifying. Those are movies that do their best to make the action look fantastic, leading to great scenes.

But no, never Replacement Killers, or The Big Hit. Both of those movies were Hollywood decisively saying "no, we're not ready to cast Asian megastars properly, or have Hong Kong directors really go all out." RK should have been amazing, but cliches gotta cliche, and the less said about the Big Hit, the better.
posted by Ghidorah at 11:12 PM on April 25, 2017 [2 favorites]

a list of the best multi-person shootouts in movie history

guess I'm getting old -- pretty much all of those (that I've seen) leave me cold and go a long way to explaining why I've become so tired of big deal Hollywood action. When the movie's not good anyway, who cares? But too often, it's a good movie selling itself out (narrative wise) in the interest of delivering a few thrills. In the worst cases, that means blowing the verisimilitude completely. Case in point, the Candieland shootout in Django Unchained -- I hated it. It lost me. I gave up on a movie which to that point had been entirely on top of its various strands of tension.
posted by philip-random at 9:29 AM on April 26, 2017

Shea Serrano is a goddamn American Hero.
posted by padraigin at 9:06 PM on April 26, 2017 [1 favorite]

The list is missing the shootout in Raiders of the Lost Ark in Marion's bar. From this I am led to the inescapable conclusion that the creature that generated this list is some sort of husk, a virus-like organism that can ape the human qualities of speech and thought but possesses nothing of the divine spark that distinguishes us from crude vegetative matter. He probably doesn't have a reflection in the mirror.

it is known
posted by Sebmojo at 3:01 AM on April 27, 2017

guess I'm getting old -- pretty much all of those (that I've seen) leave me cold and go a long way to explaining why I've become so tired of big deal Hollywood action. When the movie's not good anyway, who cares? But too often, it's a good movie selling itself out (narrative wise) in the interest of delivering a few thrills. In the worst cases, that means blowing the verisimilitude completely. Case in point, the Candieland shootout in Django Unchained -- I hated it. It lost me. I gave up on a movie which to that point had been entirely on top of its various strands of tension.

tbh i'm pretty sure quentin tarantino is aware of how he's deploying tension and its release in violence when he makes a movie.
posted by Sebmojo at 3:03 AM on April 27, 2017

Django is a tough nut in general because, like pretty much every Tarantino film, it's at least as much a conversation with other films as it is a work on its own. That scene is very much a catharsis not for the character (who would have been much happier to just walk away with Hildy) but for a century of films that build to a climax where the white hero guns down an unending tide of nonwhite villains whose suffering and death is played for cheap thrills and/or laughs. (It's a false climax, of course, but that doesn't change what the scene itself is doing.)

I don't blame anybody who felt the film didn't work for them, for that or any other reason, but the abrupt shift in tone was very deliberate.
posted by tobascodagama at 8:15 AM on April 27, 2017

I knew academically that much of the action in "The Matrix" was lifted from John Woo's work, but watching the Chow Yun-Fat killcount videos linked above really drives it home. There's nothing wrong with being inspired by a master, and the lobby scene will always be a classic, but the Wachowskis lifted some scenes pretty much shot-for-shot.
posted by wintermind at 6:20 AM on April 30, 2017 [1 favorite]

tbh i'm pretty sure quentin tarantino is aware of how he's deploying tension and its release in violence when he makes a movie.

He's an artist and damned good one, but that doesn't mean he can't get lost in his stuff, just like any of us. And for the record, I had no particular problem with the violence of Inglorious Basterds, felt it played rather eloquently to various themes at hand.
posted by philip-random at 2:35 PM on May 1, 2017 [1 favorite]